New energy vehicles refer to the use of unconventional vehicle fuels as a power source (or the use of conventional vehicle fuels, the use of new vehicle power units), integrated vehicle power control and drive technology, the formation of advanced technology, with New technology, new structure of the car. Pure electric car Blade Electric Vehicles (BEV) is a kind of car that uses a single battery as the energy storage power source. It uses the battery as the energy storage power source, and supplies electric energy to the motor through the battery to drive the motor to run, thus driving the car. hybrid car Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) refers to a vehicle whose drive system is composed of two or more single drive trains that can run at the same time. The driving power of the vehicle is determined by the single drive system alone or multiple depending on the actual running state of the vehicle. The drive system is provided together. Hybrid vehicles come in many forms depending on the components, layout, and control strategy. Fuel cell electric car Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) uses hydrogen and oxygen in the air under the action of a catalyst. An electric vehicle that is driven by an electrochemical reaction in a fuel cell as a main power source. Fuel cell electric vehicles are essentially one type of pure electric vehicles. The main difference is that the working principle of power batteries is different. In general, fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. Hydrogen is required for electrochemical reactions, and oxygen is used for oxidants. Therefore, most of the first fuel cell electric vehicles developed are hydrogen fuels. The hydrogen can be stored in the form of liquefied hydrogen, compressed hydrogen or metal hydride hydrogen storage. Hydrogen engine car A hydrogen engine car is a car powered by a hydrogen engine. The fuel used in general engines is diesel or gasoline, and the fuel used in hydrogen engines is gaseous hydrogen. Hydrogen engine car is a kind of vehicle that realizes zero emission. It emits pure water, which has the advantages of no pollution, zero emission and abundant reserves. Other new energy vehicles Other new energy vehicles include cars that use high-capacity energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and flywheels. At present, in China, new energy vehicles mainly refer to pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. Conventional hybrid vehicles are classified as energy-saving vehicles. If the special number plate of the new energy vehicle is like the ID card of the car, then the welfare behind the ID card is the internal driving force of the current consumer to buy the electric car. 1. Car subsidies. At present, the state subsidies for electric vehicles cover passenger cars, passenger cars and special vehicles. The passenger cars that the ordinary people pay most attention to can get up to 66,000 central + local subsidies according to the length of pure electric mileage. The plug-in type can take up to 36,000 yuan. 2, tax and fee reduction, the tax exemption for buying new energy vehicles includes vehicle purchase tax, vehicle and vessel tax, value-added tax, and some places even exempt from road and bridge fees. In fact, manufacturers also reduce consumption tax, value-added tax, and corporate income tax. 3, on the card discount, the city of the limit card is the most useful, the new energy car free card on the card is not shaken, Shanghai a license is worth a car. 4, the right to the right, the State Council clearly requires the local can not limit or limit the purchase of new energy vehicles, many cities have preferential parking fees for electric vehicles. According to the website of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Science and Technology issued the "Announcement on the Exemption of New Energy Vehicle Vehicle Purchase Tax". The announcement stated that from January 1, 2018 to December 2020. On the 31st, the purchase of new energy vehicles was exempted from vehicle purchase tax. According to the announcement, from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020, the purchase of new energy vehicles is exempt from vehicle purchase tax. The new energy vehicles that are exempt from vehicle purchase tax are managed through the issuance of the Catalogue of New Energy Vehicles Exempt from Vehicle Purchase Tax (the “Catalogueâ€). New energy vehicles that have been included in the Catalogue before December 31, 2017 will continue to be effective in exempting the vehicle purchase tax policy. The announcement states that new energy vehicles listed in the Catalogue from January 1, 2018 must meet the following conditions: -- Licensed for pure electric vehicles, plug-in (including extended-program) hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles sold in China. ——In line with the technical requirements of new energy automotive products. —— Through the special inspection of new energy vehicles, the special inspection standards for new energy automobile products are achieved. —— New energy vehicle manufacturers or imported new energy vehicle dealers meet relevant requirements in terms of product quality assurance, product consistency, after-sales service, safety monitoring, and power battery recycling. The announcement emphasizes that enterprises that are not eligible for products and performance indicators, provide other false information, etc., defraud the enterprises listed in the Catalogue, cancel the eligibility for vehicle purchase tax exemption, and comply with relevant laws and regulations. Handle punishment. If there is a safety hazard or a safety accident in the use of the sold product, depending on the nature and severity of the accident, the company shall take measures to stop the production, order the immediate correction, suspend or cancel the eligibility for the exemption of the vehicle purchase tax. Those who engage in the review and examination of the Catalogue application report, and who perform duty-free audits, who have abused their powers, neglect their duties, engage in malpractices, etc., shall be investigated for violations of laws and regulations; if they are suspected of committing crimes, they shall be transferred to the judicial authorities. . Vehicle purchase tax will return to 10% next year According to the latest notice from the State Administration of Taxation, the tax rate for small-displacement vehicles will be restored to 10% from January 1 next year. Calculated with 100,000 car purchases (issue fare / 1.17 * 10%), the purchase tax for next year is 8547 yuan, 2137 yuan more than the current (2017 tax rate of 7.5%, purchase tax of 6410 yuan). The purchase tax preferential policy is from the financial crisis in 2008. In order to stimulate domestic demand, the state has introduced a preferential tax on automobile purchase tax, and levies cars with a displacement of 1.6L and below at 5%. This preferential policy has changed in the following years, basically adjusted between 5% and 7.5%, but will be cancelled from next year.
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The connection sequence of RJ-45 line in common B standard is orange white, orange, green white, blue, blue white, green, brown white and brown. When connecting different equipment, use standard a. the connection sequence is green white, green, orange white, blue, blue white, orange, brown white and brown. Generally, the pressing method of b-mark is commonly used. If you want to make a cross line, one side is a standard, and the other side is b standard.
Working in the data link layer, the switch has a high bandwidth back bus and internal exchange matrix. All ports of the switch are connected to the back bus. After the control circuit receives the data packet, the processing port will look up the address reference table in memory to determine which port the NIC (network card) of destination MAC (hardware address of network card) is attached to. The data packet is quickly transmitted to the destination port through the internal exchange matrix. If the destination MAC does not exist, it will be broadcast to all terminals After the receiving port responds, the switch will "learn" the new address and add it to the internal MAC address table. The switch can also "segment" the network. By comparing the MAC address table, the switch only allows the necessary network traffic through the switch. Through the filter and forward of switch, the conflict domain can be effectively reduced, but it can not divide network layer broadcast, that is, broadcast domain. The switch can transmit data between multiple port pairs at the same time. Each port can be regarded as an independent network segment, and the network equipment connected to it can enjoy all the bandwidth without competing with other devices. When node a sends data to node D, node B can send data to node C at the same time, and these two transmissions enjoy the full bandwidth of the network and have their own virtual connections. If a 10Mbps Ethernet switch is used here, the total flow flux of the switch is equal to 2 × 10Mbps = 20MBps, and the total flow flux of a hub will not exceed 10Mbps when using 10Mbps shared hub. In a word, switch is a kind of network equipment based on MAC address recognition, which can encapsulate and forward data frames. The switch can "learn" the MAC address and store it in the internal address table. By establishing a temporary exchange path between the originator and the target receiver of the data frame, the data frame can reach the destination address directly from the source address. RJ45 3U Gold,Gold Flash Plated,8P8C with Shield,Shield with EMI ShenZhen Antenk Electronics Co,Ltd , https://www.pcbsocket.com
What is a new energy car?