Is the mobile phone battery really a time bomb? not that simple

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The battery works like this

To understand why the battery will explode, we need to find out how the battery works. The batteries have positive and negative poles and they are located exactly opposite ends. The negative electrode (cathode) is responsible for storing positively charged ions, which are filled with lithium ions, which is where the "fuel" is stored. In contrast, the positive electrode (anode) is used to store negatively charged ions.

During charging, lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. When the battery is working, lithium ions move in the opposite direction. Between the two poles of the battery is a chemical called an electrolyte. Its role is to help the ions shuttle between the two poles.

Why does the battery explode? In fact, although the ions need to move between the two poles to work, the two poles of the battery must never touch each other, because this will redirect the energy back to the electrolyte. To avoid this situation, battery manufacturers place a diaphragm between the two poles.

The problem with the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 is the two-pole contact caused by diaphragm defects. When this happens, all the energy in the battery will flock to the middle electrolyte instead of the two poles. The electrolyte itself is not a stable chemical substance. When it is subjected to too much energy - whether it is due to contact between the two poles or the external temperature is too high - they will generate a lot of heat, react with other chemicals and produce gas, Then generate more heat.

As the chemical reaction repeatedly occurs, the gas releases heat at a faster and faster rate. This uncontrollable positive feedback process is called “thermal runaway,” and it is the culprit that causes the battery to burn/explode.

In the chemical process, thermal runaway refers to the loss of control of the exothermic reaction that causes the temperature to rise, which often causes an explosion. Thermal runaway is actually a fairly common phenomenon that occurs in many physical/chemical processes.

Where is the bottleneck of battery technology?

Most of today’s electronic devices use lithium-ion batteries—including smartphones, laptops, cars, wearables, and Bluetooth speakers—because lithium is the least dense metal element, which means that manufacturers It can be used to give the battery a very high capacity.

Lithium batteries are so popular because they have the following advantages:

1. Smaller and lighter

2. High energy density

3. Low self-discharge rate

4. No or low memory effect

5. Fast charging

6. High open circuit voltage

7. Long life

But everything has two sides. Although lithium batteries have many advantages as mentioned above, it also has some worrying shortcomings. They include:

1. High cost

2. More sensitive to high temperatures

3. Aging fast

4. Deep discharge

5. Security (explosion and fire) hidden danger

In fact, in the event of cell phone battery explosion, manufacturers are responsible for certain responsibilities. Because they are too eager to push the limits of battery technology, or failed to ensure that their products will not explode. As more and more mobile phone screens have become increasingly powerful, they naturally need more power, but most users are not willing to make compromises on battery life or charging time.

The battery has now become a major factor that drags down the development of electronic device technology. Its progress angle has not kept pace with other electronic components, which is why manufacturers are pushing the limits of their technology.

Last year, Samsung researchers discovered a new type of lithium battery technology that can extend battery life. This technology uses silicon as the positive electrode of the battery, and this material can further expand the battery capacity compared with graphite cathodes currently used in lithium batteries. At the same time, researchers also managed to solve the volume changes that occur when silicon is charged and discharged. In the lab, Samsung's researchers produced a new type of battery with a capacity density 1.5 to 1.8 times larger than that of an ordinary battery.

Last year, researchers at Cambridge University also achieved a technological breakthrough in lithium air batteries. The weight and cost of this new type of battery is only one-fifth that of current lithium-ion batteries, but its capacity has increased five-fold.

In addition to expanding battery capacity, increasing the charging time is another way to solve the battery life problem. An Israeli technology company called StoreDot demonstrated its own rapid charging technology this year. Without changing the existing lithium battery, these technologies can fully charge an exhausted battery within 30 seconds.

It is worth noting that these new technologies are still at an exploratory stage and are far from reaching the level of large-scale commercial applications. Therefore, for a long time, electronic equipment may still be limited by the existing battery technology.

What should we pay attention to?

In addition to the tearing of the diaphragm, there are many reasons for the thermal runaway phenomenon of the lithium battery, such as the ambient temperature exceeding 60 degrees Celsius, repeated overcharging, and unauthorized modification of the device housing.

In fact, overcharging is like putting too much water in the bucket, but the water flow is slower and the water in the bucket will always overflow. For a battery, overcharging occurs when too much lithium ions flock to the positive pole. But don't worry, charging the phone all night does not overcharge the battery because most batteries have automatic protection mechanisms to prevent this from happening. If overcharge occurs, it is the manufacturer's protection mechanism is not done well.

In addition, there is a hidden danger of charging too fast. Fast charging technology can deliver too much energy to the battery, and if the charger and battery are incompatible, they are prone to short circuits. But as long as you use the original charger, this situation is unlikely to happen.

The last common cause of battery failure is similarly to the manufacturer, which is to increase the battery capacity by increasing the voltage. The voltage can be seen as the height of the waterfall, and the current is like the flow of water - the higher the voltage, the more energy in the battery. Manufacturers can increase the voltage by adding nickel and other chemical elements, but the increase in voltage also increases the risk of electrolyte ignition.

In the final analysis, the main reason for the battery of mobile phones is that manufacturers have not been able to strictly control their safety in product design and production. However, as an ordinary user, how can we avoid the explosion of our mobile phone? it's actually really easy:

1. Avoid placing the phone in high temperature environment

2. Stick with original charger

3. Do not intentionally damage the phone and battery

4. Refused to use the cottage battery (if the phone supports replacing the battery)

As long as the above is done, mobile phones that meet security standards will not be time bombs in our hands.

Memo: Review of recent mobile phone explosions

Since the popularity of mobile phones in people's lives, battery explosions have occurred from time to time. Whether it is Nokia, Samsung or Apple, there have been similar explosions in its mobile phone products.

While Samsung was grappling with the explosion of the Galaxy Note 7, a user slammed the Galaxy S7 edge into the pocket for his own Galaxy S7 edge. According to the user’s description, he was at work at that time and his mobile phone in his pocket began to shake and smoke without warning. When he reached for his cell phone, his right hand was also burned.

In August of this year, a 36-year-old cyclist in Sydney caused an explosion due to a fall of oppressed iPhone, which also caused the man to have a third-degree thigh burn.

In 2010, a man from Texas in the United States claimed that his new Motorola Droid 2 had exploded in his ear during his phone call. The explosion resulted in the man's left ear being sewn with 4 needles, but it did not cause any impact on his hearing. However, the resulting $4,000 medical bills made it difficult for him to afford.

summary

To sum up, the internal battery of the mobile phone is not as dangerous as we think. If it is used correctly, no accident will occur. But at the same time, we also hope that the existing battery technology can be further developed to completely eliminate the possibility of injuring the user, but also allow us to use electronic devices for longer periods of time.

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